Topographic map, chart, &amp;c.



I Patented Dec. 4, |900.

4M. C. KBARUP. TOPUSBAPHIC MAP, CHART, &c

(Application led Nov. 1, 1899.)

(No Modal.)

MAP M1.

. I 5 m M H ../f.

WIA/ATER MLA/f5 HE S NTTED STATES PATENT OFFICE,

MARIUS C.l KRARUP, OF CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.

ToPoGRAPHlo MAP, CHART, abo.

SPECICFIGATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 662,947, datedDecember 4, 1900,

l Application filed November l, 1899. Serial No. 735,484. (No model.)

To a/ZZ whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, MARIUs C. KRARUP, a citizen of the United States,residing at Chicago, in the county ofV Cook and State of Illinois, haveinvented certain new and useful Improvements in Topographic Maps,Charts, dac., of which the following is a specication.

This invention relates to improvements in that class of maps, charts,dmc., especially intended to give prominence to certain topographicfeatures of a selected areathat is, features having greater relativeimportance than other features included in the same area-to which readyreference is desired to be made.

The primary object of this invention is to provide graphic delineationsrepresenting the topography of selected areas in such manner that thetopographical features which come within the scope chosen for saiddelineation may be readily distinguished and may be lo cated at a glancein their relations to other points within the delineated area in itsentirety.

-Another object is to delineate topographically a selected area in aplurality of maps, all showing the same topographical features, but eachmap giving prominence or conspicuousness to a set of featuresinconspicuously delineated in the other maps.

A further object is to enable the graphic delineation of the topographicfeatures of a selected area, so as to give conspicuousness to selectedsets of features, which may thus be Vreadily distinguished upon asmaller scale t than has been practicable in charts which are made bymethods heretofore in use for deline-A ating areas of similar extent andcharacter.

In a more restricted sense my invent-ion has for one Vof its objects theprovision of a series of topographical charts or maps of States,counties, cities, towns, or other areas whereby the entire course ofevery street, road, or boundary or any other desired topographicalfeature is plainly traceable, marked, and designated in its relation toother features and not liable to be confused with other like features.

My invention is applicable, as before stated, to the delineation of anyselected area having features which it is desired to graphicallyillustrate; and it ,consists generally of a series or plurality ofcharts or maps all delineating the same area, but each chart or mapindicating certain features conspicuously with relation to otherfeatures in said area found conspicuously delineated upon the other mapsor charts.

In the drawings I have illustrated one of the simplest applications ofmy invention, showing thegraphic delineation of a selected section of acity, together with an index for ready reference, the whole sheet beingone of the forms in which a delineation of any particular section may bepublished; but I may here state that the index or key forms no part ofmy present invention and is simply illustrated for a more perfectdisclosure of the practical use of my invention.

In the drawings, map No. l represents one of a series of topographicmaps or charts of an arbitrarily-selected portion of a city or town. MapNo. 2 represents another map or chartl of the same kind, showing thesame area, but giving prominence to different features; and map No. 3represents a third chart or map of the same kind, showing the same arearepresented by Figures l and 2, but giving prominence to still anotherset of features.

It may here be stated that'the number of maps or charts in the series isimmaterial and would necessarily vary with the area to be delineated,the number of streets, roads, or other features contained in the areaand the distinctness with which it is desired that the features shallappear.

Referring to the drawings, it will be understood that all the lineswhich indicate streets or other topographic features in map l are alsoshown in maps 2 and 3, and vice versa, so that each of the drawings is acomplete delineation of the selected area; but in map l certain lines ormarks indicating features to which it is desired to give prominence aremade conspicuous and the names which are used to indicate the streets orother features of which said lines or marks are symbolic may beimprinted or marked in any manner on map No. 1, while the lines or marksdenoting other features in the selected area are indicated on map No. lin a less conspicuous manner and the names corresponding to said otherlines or marks are omitted.

In map No. 2 some of the lines or marks IOD which are inconspicuous andunnamed in map No. 1 are shown conspicuously and are named, while thosewhich are conspicuous and named in maps Nos. l and 3 are inconspicuousand unnamed.

In map No. 3 allof the lines or marks which are not conspicuous andwhich are not named in either map No. l or map No. 2 are madeconspicuous and are named. By this plan all of the lines or marksindicating the features which it is deemed desirable to include in thedelineation of the area are made conspicuous and may be plainly named inone of the plurality of maps or charts,so t-hat they may bereadilytraced without confusion with the other features of the same area andyet their relation to all the other features of the same area is plainlyindicated.

For convenience in the use of these maps an index, such as that shown inthe drawings, may be provided in connection therewith, in which thenames corresponding to all the lines or marks are listed and theparticular chart or map indicated upon which the line or markcorresponding to any given name is made conspicuous. Furthermore, thelines or marks which are made conspicuous in any one of the maps orcharts are so selected as to leave su fcient space between them topermit the delineation of other features by inconspicuous lines or marksand at the same time to insure that each of the conspicuous lines ormarks will be readily distinguished from any other lines or marks on thesame map or chart and so that the names or inscriptions of all thetopographic features ofthe same selected area indicated on one oranother of the maps by said conspicuous lines or marks may be inscribed,printed, or otherwise affixed in larger and more legible characters thanwould be possible on ordinary `maps or charts drawn on the same scaleand delineating a similar multiplicity of topographic features.

It is Within the contemplation of my invention to have certain lines ormarks indicating the same topographic features made conspicuous, and, ifdesired, named in more than one or in all of the maps or charts, itbeing frequently desirable to indicate conspicuously topographiefeatures which are Well known or familiar to those for whose conveniencea particular series of maps or charts is intended, for by so doing thesefamiliar topographic features may serve as guides for the eye andfacilitate search for the lines or marks symbolizing other and lesswell-known features.

While I have explained my invention and its uses in connection withthree maps or charts combinedly illustrating the topographic features ofa certain selected area, it

g will be understood that I do not limit myself to this number, butthat, on the contrary, my invention is applicable to all cases in whicha plurality of maps or charts, each representing the same area in itsentirety, are produced in the manner described.

yous features on each map as being represented by comparatively broadlines, so as to present a black or heavy conspicuous appearance, whileother lines or marks are comparatively thin and narrow, presenting alight appearance. In practice other methods for making certain lines ormarks comparatively conspicuous may be employed, such as by contrastingcolored lilies or marks or shading of any kind, and such other methodsare included in the scope of my invention. Forexample, the inconspicuouslines maybe drawn or printed in pale blue or in any other light color,while the conspicuous lines or marks are drawn or printed in dark blue,red, black, or any other color. lIndeed it is immaterial what method isadopted for making certain lin-es or marks more conspicuous than others,so long as upon each map or chart of a series all of the topographicfeatures of a selected area are indicated and certain of them areconspicuously indicated upon each one of the maps.

In maps as heretofore published it has been customary to attain thedesired degree of plainness, legibility, and readiness of referenceeither by making the size of the map relatively large or by dividing theselected area into sections and representing each of these sections. ona separate sheet; but by neither of these methods are the desirablecharacteristics of a reference-map fully attained, it being understood,ofcourse, that the difficulties arise chieliy when the topographicalfeatures to be delineatedand names are numerous and relatively closetogether. When the entire selected area is delineated on a large ,sheetand all the names and words Which are necessary for reference to thetopographical features of said area are marked on said sheet, a numberof objectionable characteristics are produced, of which the followingmay be mentioned: First, the sheet must necessarily be solarge as tobecome unwieldy and difficult to handle unlessit is hung against a wallor otherwise spread over a large plane surface, which is not alwaysavailable, and, secondly, the size of the map makes it impossible toobtain a visual impression of-it in its entirety when the user of themap is sufficiently close to it to follouT its delineations and read theinscriptions on it. It follows from this that topographical featuressuchas streets in a city or roads or railroads, @zc-which may extend acrossthe en tire area, cannot be seen in their entirety at one glance andcannot be readily conceived of in their ICG IIO

relations to all other features within the delineated area. Thisobjectionable feature is Well understood, and maps are thereforeordinarily made no larger than absolutely necessary for permitting eachfeature and each inscription to be distinguished with the naked eye atordinary reading distance; but when space is thus economized a newobjectionable character develops-namely, the features of icalfeature orto another feature delineated in close proximity to it. In order toavoid confusion from this cause, it has been 'customary to place namesand Words between lines outlining each feature to which they speciallyrefer. By so doing the space separating the delineations of the variousfeatures is rendered useless for inscription purposesthat is, it cannotbe utilized for permitting increased size of inscriptions, but merelyserves the purpose of separating to the eye the various delineations. Itis readily seen that the objectionable characteristic here `referred totends toward either diminishing the size and legibility of inscriptionsor increasing the size of the map.

By my invention the features Vmarked inconspicuously serve to separatethose marked conspicuously on each map belonging to a set, and by thisprovision it is made possible to utilize the entire space separatingsaid conspicuous features Whenever it may be found desirable to do sofor inscriptions in relatively large and legible characters, and a greateconomy in the total size of the map is thereby effected Withoutsacrifice of the desirable characteristics of a reference-map.

In the attempts that have been made to produce suitablereference-mapsdelineating such areas as are here principally referred toby dividing the selected area into sections and delineating each sectionon a separate sheet other difficulties have been encountered. Theiradvantages are only those which may be obtained by delineatin g the areaon a large scale in conjunction with those which arise from having eachsection in a less unwieldy form than if it formed an integral portion ofa large sheet. The objections, on the other hand, are obvious in allcases When the entire selected area is of such general character thatthe user of the map may frequently desire to ascertain the relationsbetween one or more topographical features and other topographicalfeatures or the selected area inits entirety. It is also a seriousobjection that any one topographic feature which extends over more thanone of the sections of the area-such as streets in a city, roads,railways, zc-cannot be traced in continuity or Without consulting morethan one of the sheets comprising such sectional maps. It is also anobjection that inscriptions designating features extending over morethan one of the said sections must be repeated on each of said sections.

In both classes of ordinary maps here referred to it is an objectionthat no means are provided for distinguishing at a glance onetopographical feature from another similar one if the latter appears incontinuation of or in juxtaposition to such other feature. Stichfeatures may be designated by different names, and it may frequently beof importance to determine quickly and readily where one name ceases toapply and Where the other name begins to apply. In ordinary maps thismay only be done in a measure by repeated inscription of names,frequently Where there is scant room for making such names legible,While by my invention it is practically always possible to so select thefeatures which are to be marked conspicuously on any one of the mapscomprising a set that any other feature Whose delineation wouldordinarily conliict with the proper appreciation of the delineation ofthe first feature referred to may be marked inconspicuously onvthe samemap and `conspicuously on one of the other maps, so as to bring each ofthe ordinarily conflicting features into sharp contrast, and thus renderthe map in its totality more useful for one of its purposes than any mapproduced by previous methods.

It- Will thus be seen that the advantages of my system of delineatingthe topographic features of a selected area are very great from both acommercial and illustrative point of View, that by no other prior methodcan the features of the selected area be each given the same degree ofconspicuousness With relation to all the other features of such area asby my system, that no matter hoW large a map or series of maps may bemade by the present methods the features of the selected area cannot allbe given conspicuousness With relation to all the other features of sucharea, and that as a result of. the economy of space pocket-mapsillustrating large areas are made possible that have heretofore beenimpossible.

In practice it is im material Whether the several maps of theseries orsystem are imprinted upon a single sheet of convenient size to be hungup on a wall or folded to be carried in the pocket or whether each mapis made to constitute a page of a book, which may be made small enoughto carry in the pocket or large enough for use as an ordinaryreferencebook, as all such applications of my invention are obvious andWithin the contemplation thereof.

Having thus fully described my invention, what I claim, and desire tosecure by Letters Patent, is-

l. A topographic chart comprising a plurality of maps all delineating bylines or marks the same topographic features of a selected area, but.each varying from the other in the relative conspicuousness of thelines or marks delineating certain sets of features, substantially asdescribed.

2. A topographic chart comprising a plurality of maps each describingthe same topographic features of a selected area, completely bydelineation and incompletely by relatively conspicuous lines or marks,said conspicuous lines or marks on each map representing a IOO IIO

dier'ent set of itopographic features from thoseconspicuouslyrepnesented on .the other f maps, substantially asdescribed.

3. A `topographic chart comprising .a -plurality of lmaps-eachcontaining,I delineaiions;

that symbolize completely, `in extent and in n u mber,the topographicfeatures of .a selected area, but varying in the relative .prominence 9or conspicuousness accorded various topo graph-.ic features,substantially as described.

4. A Topographic chart comprising `a plu-1 ralityef .maps eachcontaining deli-neations descriptive of the sam'eftopographie features 4of a selected area, the delineation of differ. ent lsets 'of features`being relatively `0011-:`

spicuous on the different :maps and each map .Q

containing :the :names Io-r designations of the set of features madeconspicuous thereon,

whereby the plurality of charts combinedly contains al-lof `thetopographic features ofthe f selected .area .and :the names-by which-said VMA1-ues o. KRARUP.

Witnesses:

L. Woon,

DRURY.

